testing/asteroid*: upgrade to 0_git202305616

Moves the library to /usr/lib and puts a wrapper script in /usr/bin, removing the impression that the main entry point of the application is an executable you can just execute (which it isn't). Also switch the booster from qtcomponents-qt5 to just qt5, as the former one is deprecated and unmaintained upstream.

Continuation of !47190 (merged) and the final part.