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to show different versions of package and the repositories from
which it is available from.

ref #511

instead use prefix for temporary files.

Fixes also 'fetch' applet to prefer copying/linking to files from
cache if possible.

Implementing basic dependency handling, install_if and awareness
of pinning.

make cache a special kind of repository, and automatically cache
special packages (virtual packages, or ones installed from command
line). add test cases for handling virtual packages. fixes #1617.

fixes #1578

If a directory has protection mask, but does not exist in db, we
do not handle it right unless we calculate the protection mask by
hand, or create temporary db dir entry for it. For simplicity create
always the db dir entry -- depending on audit type we likely need
to create it anyway. This commit also caches the db dir entry in the
audit tree context to avoid duplicate lookups. ref #1241.

apk_name_state is now quite small; and we avoid overhead of two
pointers (+ malloc overhead) when we just make it part of apk_name.
It also fixes some problems (that got introduced) where apk_name_state
was not allocated.

implementation is still not near finished, but now at least it
can handle it to a minimum degree. many cases are not done right
yet, though. ref #574.

in preparation for provides support. implements also some
dependency satisfaction helper routines.

ref #574.

fixes #607.

audit is now mostly rewritten for the new functionality. And
has new features like --check-permissions, --recursive and
--packages.

$ROOT/etc/apk/protected_files.d/*.list can now contain additional
protected paths, one path per line:

+etc
@etc/init.d
-tmp

+ will include the directory as protected configuration directory.
@ considers the directory protected, but will backup only symlinks.
- removes any protection

lbu should be modified to put include and exclude paths in
etc/apk/protected_files.d/lbu.list. Additionally, some packages
might provide their own listings.

E.g. ssh might want to provide ssh.list with something like:
+root/.ssh
+home/*/.ssh

Load additional repositories from $ROOT/etc/apk/repositories.d/*.list
unless --repositories-file is given as parameter.

It is faster to just scan the cache directory for existing packages
at startup than trying to faccessat() them on demand. It also makes
quite a few parts of the code more readable and simpler.

* solver internally calculates now using tags; not repository masks
* installeddb now contains the tag name where the package came from
  -> we can now handle upgrades properly
* the pinning is still a preference, and not strictly enforced;
  versioned dependencies may overrule preference

Also clean up handling of signature failures for index files.

 * upgrade needs explicit check so we don't try self-upgrade
   (which would print additional messages on screen)
 * add can fix problems, so check against the new world
 * merge the code in few places

 * default writing the world with spaces if a space is found
   (for backwards compatibility) for now

Improves /etc/apk/repositories format so you can say:
http://nl.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v2.3/main
@edge http://nl.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/main
@testing http://nl.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/testing

After which you can pin dependencies to these tags using:
 apk add stableapp newapp@edge bleedingapp@testing

Apk will now by default only use the untagged repositories,
but adding a tag to specific dependency:
 1. will prefer that tag for the name
 2. allowing pulling in dependencies from that tag (though,
    it prefers untagged packages to satisfy deps if possible)

fixes #575

fixes #738

still todo:
  - 'fix' is missing
  - 'del -R' does not work
  - 'upgrade' does not do self-upgrade first

... and a lot of testing.

This applet can be used to generate data for graphviz tools.
Useful to visualize package dependencies, and possible errors
in the repository.

Usage examples:
  apk dot gnome-desktop | tred | dot -Tpng gnome-desktop.png
    -- to generate simplified dependency chart of gnome-desktop
  apk dot --errors | dot -Tpng index-errors.png
    -- to generate chart visualizing dependency errors in index

remount to read-write before trying to create the cache directory
subdirs. fix a fd leak that might prevent remounting back to rw.

This is so we can do x86 --root installs on x86_64 hosts.

Using --arch without --root can make great damage so we only enable it
if --root is used.

.. and back to read-only after finishing with modifications.

fixes #512